![]() MM: single 30-min session of prerecorded music through headphones. No significant reduction in self-reported intra-procedural pain level by VAS ( P = 0.771)Īdult inpatients with various malignancies Patients could select from classical, harp, general instrumental, nature sounds, country, gospel, and jazz MM: prerecorded music through headphones for duration of procedure. Hematologic malignancy patients undergoing lumbar puncture Significant reduction in self-reported postop pain level by VAS ( P = 0.007) IPod and headphones but no music or sounds Patients could select from classical, easy listening, inspirational, or new age MM: single session of prerecorded music through headphones (continuously from preoperative through postoperative period). ![]() Finally, a single-arm study from 2006 found that in 126 palliative care patients with pain (90 % of whom had cancer), mean self-reported pain scores decreased from 2.7 to 2.1 on a five-point VAS after a single MT session ( P < 0.001).īreast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy The patients who received music required 29.7 % less analgesia with meperidine, alfentanil, or pethidine ( P = 0.001) and 15 % less sedation with midazolam or propofol ( P = 0.055). This meta-analysis included three trials in which music was provided to a total of 130 out of 261 patients. standard care in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy. These results were consistent with those from a separate meta-analysis which studied the use of music vs. Although none of the included studies were limited to oncologic or palliative care settings, the 13 included studies ( N = 1016) did show that exposure to music was associated with a decrease in opioid requirement, with a SMD of −1.29 (95 % CI from −0.92 to −0.27, P = 0.0062). An earlier Cochrane Review examined the effect of music on analgesic requirements during a painful procedure (five studies), during a 2-h postoperative period (three studies), or during a 24-h postoperative period (five studies). All five of the above studies reported pain by self-reported measurement scales. ![]() Based on the combined results of these five studies, the authors classified music's analgesic effect as moderate, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of −0.59, (95 % CI from −0.92 to −0.27, P = 0.0003). Prerecorded music was provided perioperatively for 15 out of 30 breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy, during bone marrow biopsy for 29 out of 59 hematologic malignancy patients, as a single 30-min session in 62 out of 126 adult patients with various malignancies, during lumbar puncture in 20 out of 40 pediatric leukemia patients, and as a single session with guided imagery in 65 out of 136 adult patients with various malignancies. Five such randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (total N = 391) were analyzed in a 2011 Cochrane Review. ![]() ![]() Multiple studies have demonstrated that music-based interventions may have a mild to moderate analgesic effect (Table 1). The combined weighted mean prevalence of pain in the 14,961 patients with advanced cancer was estimated to be 75 %. A subsequent meta-analysis pooled data from 64 studies (total N = 95,159), 34 of which reported pain prevalence in patients with all stages of cancer (including early disease), and 30 of which reported pain prevalence in patients with advanced cancer. One recent meta-analysis pooled data from 52 studies (total N = 19,985) and estimated pain to occur in 33 % of patients who had completed treatment with curative intent, 59 % of patients undergoing anticancer therapy, and 64 % of patients with advanced/metastatic/terminal disease. Pain represents one of the most common symptoms affecting patients with advanced malignancy. ![]()
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